Diabetes : A Group Of Metabolic Diseases

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Diabetes is a disease that causes the human body to not create or not use insulin effectively. The body needs insulin to take the energy or sugars and turn it into energy. The human body needs energy to survive. Diabetes can be broken into three main categories. Type 1 diabetes is where the body makes no insulin at all. Type 2 diabetes is where the body does not produce enough insulin or it does not use it correctly. Gestational diabetes is more of a type 2 diabetes for pregnant women, which usually returns to normal after birth (Ruder 7-8).

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar properly, or becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, also causing blood sugar to rise. High blood sugar is characteristic of diabetes. People who have diabetes have to take insulin shots or supplements in order to give their body enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. In Type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to insulin, and so it allows blood sugar to rise to high levels (Winter 2002). Gestational diabetes is a temporary diabetes that develops in previously non-diabetic pregnant women and causes their blood sugar to rise during their pregnancy.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that involves the changes of blood glucose level in body systems. This disease usually inherited from generation to generation and sometimes it is due to lack of insulin produced by the pancreas. As the insulin produced is decreased, the blood glucose level will increase thus distressing the metabolism and damaging the body’s systems especially the blood vessels in kidneys, hearts, eyes and nervous systems (Nagappa et al., 2003).This disease have three different subtypes, type I (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), type II (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes can hit anybody at any stage of their life, but gestational diabetes only hits one gender at one optional point in their life, women during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes hits about 3-5% of pregnant women in the United States. Gestational diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces the maximum amount of insulin, but is still unable to overcome the hormones produced by the placenta. A pregnant woman will have gestational diabetes until the delivery

Diabetes is a common chronic disease that causes problems in the way the blood uses food. The inability of the body to transform the sugar into energy is called diabetes. Glucose, a simple sugar, is the primary source of fuel for our bodies. When food is digested, some of the food will be converted into glucose which is then transferred from the blood into the cells however, insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas is needed. In individuals with diabetes, this process is impaired.

Diabetes mellitus is a major chronic and complex public health problem that is affecting over 31 million people worldwide (Nguyen, 2014). Approximately fifty percent of people living with diabetes are undiagnosed and it has been estimated that every ten seconds three persons are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 2008). In the United States, nearly 26 million adults and children are diagnosed with diabetes, another 7 million are undiagnosed and 79 million living with pre-diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). The total amount of healthcare expenditure for diabetes in the United States was $245 billion of which $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity (Selp, 2015). Diabetes is one of the nation’s most deadly diseases and has been a contributor to major health consequences such as kidney failure, blindness, stroke, heart disease, non- traumatic limb amputation and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States (Nguyen, 2014). Despite the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the United States there is a significant disparity in non-Hispanic Blacks living with diabetes (Ogden, 2012). Several factors such as body weight, physical inactivity, cultural influences, environmental and psychosocial issues have been identified as contributing to the disparity.

Between 5.5 and 8.8% of pregnant women develop GDM in Australia. Risk factors for GDM include a family history of diabetes, increasing maternal age, obesity and being a member of a community or ethnic group with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. While the carbohydrate intolerance usually returns to normal after the birth, the mother has a significant risk of developing permanent diabetes while the baby is more likely to develop obesity and impaired glucose tolerance and/or diabetes later in life. Self-care and dietary changes are essential in treatment.

The number of women in the United States of America who are suffering with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly increasing and growing public health issue causing morbidity and premature mortality around the world. The environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of this disease. The increasing population growth, ageing populations, dietary changes, prevalence of obesity, economic development, and physical inactivity is associated with the rise in diabetes. T2D burden will continue to increase worldwide without effective prevention and management. Due to socioeconomic disadvantage and lack of access to care, the vulnerable population is more at risk of diabetes. Interventions which prevent the

GDM is a pregnancy complication which is the result of the mother developing high blood glucose but insufficient insulin (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016).  Preventive measures should be taken to prevent or manage GDM.  It is important for health professionals to educate pregnant women about GDM, explaining to them that prevalence of this disease is as high as 9.2% (American Diabetes Association, 2016). The prevalence of GDM in the US has more than doubled; affecting over 200,000 females per year (Ferranti, Venkat Narayan, Reilly, Foster, McCullough, Ziegler, Ying & Dunbar, 2014). In 2012, Diabetes cost the economy $322 billion, consisting of $244 billion in excess medical costs and $78 billion in reduced productivity, with an average case of GDM

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease; which occurs through the insufficiency of insulin being produced or its actions are not being utilized. This occurrence leads to hyperglycemia; an issue in which the amount of glucose in the blood is relatively high. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus falls under the category of DM. GDM also consist of a form of insulin resistance throughout the pregnancy of the woman. If a woman is to be high-risk to have diabetes at the first prenatal visit; they should receive a test to be screened for diabetes. The majority of woman get diagnosed

According to Arcangelo & Peterson (2013), diabetes is defined as a scientific and hereditary heterogeneous collection of specific disorders that are characterized by an elevated and abnormal glucose level in the blood. There are many forms of diabetes such as; Diabetes Type I, Diabetes Type II, Juvenile Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes Type I is categorized as a

The CDC describes diabetes as being a group of diseases marked by high levels of blood glucose resulting from problems in how insulin is produced, how insulin works, or both (CDC, 2014). There are many forms of diabetes, but the three most common are, type 2, type 1, and gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when there is a resistance to insulin and insufficient production of insulin. It was previously called

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) by definition is a carbohydrate intolerance that is developed or recognized for the first time during pregnancy (Chen, Chuang, Fang, Kuo, Lee, Li, Lin, NIen,Wu, 2017). With a drastic increase of GDM in recent years, attention and concern has been brought to the topic. GDM is linked to poor pregnancy outcomes including but not limited to; hypertension, macrosomia, maternal depression, neonatal hypoglycemia and stillbirth (Jagiello & Chertok, 2015). With these negative pregnancy outcomes, there is a much greater chance of NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) admission and that comes with the potential for further issues. To avoid these issues, proper detection of GDM is necessary for all age

Due to the need for close monitoring of blood glucose and insulin level in the body, there have been various studies done regarding the various insulin regimens that are available today. Before we get into the details of the studies conducted, it is only relevant to give an overview of the problem at hand. Type I Diabetes or as it also known juvenile onset diabetes is a disorder that is normally diagnosed in young adults or children. This form of diabetes results from the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. With auto immune destruction being the most common cause, type I diabetes is a lifelong disease. Insulin is the basic treatment for Diabetes in about 30% of the diabetic patients in the United States. (Centers for Disease control, 2008)It should be noted that insulin is present in three different forms and a person needs to take the regimen that is most suitable for them. As mentioned earlier, too much insulin given at a time can cause a person to go in hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is way more fatal than increased glucose levels. The 30 year old female in our case was taking the Insulin Basal bolus that consisted of novo rapid and glargine.