Haemostasis: Coagulation Screening & Corrections Practical
Introduction (10 marks)
• Introduce utility of coagulation
• Theory behind the tests
• Clinical relevance of the tests
Coagulation tests measure functions that are related with clotting, coagulation consists of drawing blood and observing it clot. Chelating out the calcium and beginning the clot in a controlled environment. Coagulation tests used to find out if an individual has a clotting disorders and to measure the various proteins and how they function. There are many conditions that can causes problems with coagulation for example thrombophilia and haemophilia. (TRANSFUSION MEDICINE AND HEMOSTASIS BOOK) The parts in bold are the initiation sites of coagulation.
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) measures the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, which is the generation of fibrin, kaolin activates Factor XII, without activating factor VII. Factor XII converted to XIIa, factor VIIa converts factor XI to XIa, factor XIa converts X to Xa with the help of calcium ions and factor VIIIa, factor Xa then activates the common pathway of coagulation. Platelet factors are needed so the coagulation pathway functions normally. APTT is a good screening test for those with inherited or acquired factor deficiencies. For example some examples of inherited disorders are classic haemophilia A which is a factor VIII deficiency, haemophilia B which is a factor IX deficiency. These diseases causes a prolonged APTT.
To state the purpose of the following hematologic tests: total white blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, total red blood cell count,
This test is used to detect the hemolytic activity in the bacteria. A darkish green color on the media around the bacteria would represent incomplete hemolysis. A transparent media around the bacteria colony represents complete lysis of the red blood cells. If no change is observed around the bacteria colony then the bacteria is non-hemolytic. For my
The liver becomes so diseased and damaged that it can no longer produce appropriate amounts of clotting factor and hormones to make platelets. “Vitamin K must be present in order for the liver to synthesize some of the clotting factors, including prothrombin, interleukin-6, multi-CSF, and fibrinogen.” p 664 If the blood is unable to clot then the patient will continue to bleed to the point that a liver transplant is necessary. Prothrombin a peptide hormone produced in the kidneys that accelerates platelet formation. Interleukin-6 is a hormone that stimulates platelet formation. Multi-CSF is a hormone that stimulates platelet production by promoting the formation and growth of megakaryocytes. p.660 If all of these hormones are
Screen the individual for any and all drugs which interfere with clotting of blood and would cause strokes or interferences with cascade of the clotting factors.
clotting in vessels. This makes the person more vulnerable if when cut for the blood flow to cease in
During the blood test, for example, the presence of clots in the blood sample can artificially increase the drug concentration on the report since blood is a heterogeneous mixture, which often forms clots. The possibility of blood clotting cannot be ignored because it occurs very frequently for many reasons, such as certain
belonging and family, whereas in the outside world they were seen as enemies. As a result, it becomes apparent that minorities from different backgrounds face similar difficulties when trying to assimilate into the American culture. It is through these difficulties that they begin to develop feelings of loneliness, and what can potentially motivate them to go down a path of delinquency, as it is a lot easier than having to face the challenges of trying to adapt to a different culture.
An evaluation typically includes a complete blood count (CBC), a visual look at the blood cells placed on a glass
APC resistance assay is a screening test for Factor V Leiden mutation. An aPTT is performed on the patient’s sample first. Then a second aPTT is performed with Activated C protein(APC). The two results are compared as a ratio: (aPTT + APC/ aPTT - APC). If the patient has normal Factor V, then this ratio will be greater than two. If it is greater than two, then the patient may have Factor V Leiden.1
“Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug among adolescents in the United States” (Pardini et. al. 1204). Since it is so widely used, a large amount of money could be made if the government legalized and taxed it. Even though opponents argue that marijuana is a harmful drug that kills brain cells, the US should legalize it because of economic benefits, health benefits, research opportunities, and population control.
Sociology is a very complex subject. Trying to understand how a person or anything else works is quite difficult. No two people are the same. Life as we know it is very complicated. There are many professions that people go into to find out how life works – how people work.
For extrinsic pathway use PT test ,for intrinsic pathway usePTT and for common pathway use TT test.
Addiction and substance abuse is a crime that has plagued the U.S. ever since the early 1900 's and from that point on has been an uphill battle for the U.S. to stop. But even with everything the U.S. has tried nothing that has been done has even made a dent in the drug war. Drugs just continue to hit the very streets that innocent people live on. Today people walk right outside their house and just around the corner, there is some guy that has the ability to sell them drugs. That is why the war on drugs in the U.S. has failed miserably because the number of people and high schoolers that are using drugs is still increasing, drug tests do not do anything to discourage using drugs and almost everyone knows how to cheat the tests, and legalizing drugs, such as marijuana and other low level drugs, would allow the U.S. to have more control over drugs in the end.
collated giving a possible clinical scenario for each patient AND HOW YOU ARRIVED AT THIS CONCLUSION (Including
Factor X is activated by other coagulation factors (XII becomes XIIa, XI – XIa, IX- IXa, VIII and lastly, X). Factor IXa normally activates factor X to factor Xa. Then Factor Xa activates other blood proteins, including factor V, and factor II (prothrombin) which is converted to thrombin. This chain reaction allows the coagulation process to continue. If one of the coagulation factors is absent or deficient, the chain reaction is broken, and the bleeding is not