2

Taubman et al., (2014) used data collected in the Portland, OR metro area to study the Impact Medicaid on emergency department (ED) use. The figure below shows the percent of respondents who have been to the ED at all (left hand side of the figure) and the average number of ED visits (right hand side of the figure). The dark blue bars represent the mean for the control group, and the light blue bars add in the "Medicaid" effect found in the paper. The black "capped" bar represents the confidence interval for the Medicaid effect. Percent with Any Visits 50 €30 20 10 O Any O O Any and Total ED Use Emergency Department Data Control Mean Control Mean plus Medicaid Effect Cl for Medicaid Effect The results above imply that the price elasticity of demand for emergency department use is Number of Visits perfectly inelastic not perfectly inelastic perfectly elastic

States (and provinces) that have control over taxation sometimes reduce taxes in an attempt to spur economic growth. Suppose that you are hired by a state to estimate the effect of corporate tax rates on, say, the growth in per capita gross state product (GSP).(i) What kind of data would you need to collect to undertake a statistical analysis?(ii) Is it feasible to do a controlled experiment? What would be required?(iii) Is a correlation analysis between GSP growth and tax rates likely to be convincing? Explain.

iPad 14% 13:38 < Ваck Econ122A_PS3.pdf 4. In which of the following cases OLS estimation of Healthcare=a +bAge+u will be biased? a) Only include in your estimation sample individuals whose health care spending is more than 500 per year b) Use a random sample. c) Healthcare is recorded with some random typing errors. 1 d) The error variance is larger at an older age.

A poverty threshold represents the minimum annual household income for a family not to be considered poor. In​ 1995, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children under the age of 18 years was $15,828.In​ 2005, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children under the age of 18 years was $19,739. Assuming poverty thresholds increase in a​ straight-line fashion, use the midpoint formula to estimate the poverty threshold of a family of four with two children under the age of 18 in 2000.   The poverty threshold of a family of four with two children under the age of 18 in 2000 is ​$

In general, the F-statistic, Fc, shows the. significance of a population parameter significance of a variable significance of the model none of the above all of the above O O 0 O O

"Why can’t I just test the individual coefficients one at a time"? is this approach is unreliable?

Suppose you just read a careful statistical study of the effect of improvedhealth of children on their test scores at school. Using data from a project in aWest African district, in 2000, the study concluded that students who receivedmultivitamin supplements performed substantially better at school. Use theconcept of external validity to determine if these results are likely to apply toIndia in 2000, the United Kingdom in 2000, and West Africa in 2015.

The racial and ethnic differences in obesity prevalence occur after controlling for which of the following? Gender Educational Attainment Age Family Income

The model initial setup is• The number of vacancies posted in the economy during a particular month is v = 100.• There were initially u = 225 unemployed workers at the beginning of the month.• Suppose that the average wage is 0.6 relative to their productivity. Unemployed workersreceive benefits that are half the wage, i.e., b = 0.3 relative to productivity.• Suppose that the number of matches between firms and workers are given by thefollowing matching functionsM = Au^0.5v^0.5• Suppose that 45 workers were able to find a job by the end of the month.Answer the following questions.a) What is the monthly job finding rate?b) What is the probability that an average vacancy is filled in a month?c) What is the job creation cost, k?d) What is the value of A?e) Explain how introducing a searching cost to this model would affect the queue length,the number of vacancy and unemployment rate, and wage.

A problem of interest to health officials (and others) is to determine the effects of smoking during pregnancy on infant health. One measure of infant health is birth weight; a birth weight that is too low can put an imfant at risk for contracting varieus illnesses. Since factors other than cigarette smoking that affect birth weight are likely to be correlated with smoking, we should take those factors into account. For example, higher income generally results in access to better prenatal care, as well as better nutrition for the mother. An equation that recognizes this is bwght = Bo + B

The sample means, x¯ , is an example of ...   Group of answer choices     an interval estimate   a population parameter   a point estimate   a population statistic

Which of the following measures of central tendency can have more than one value in a single sample? Mode Median Variance Mean

Describe the major differences between a randomized controlled experiment and a quasi-experiment

= 3+5Z+v, Suppose we have the following causal model Y where cov(Z, v) = 0. However, a precise measure of Z is not available. Instead, we have a noisy measure X of Z, that is, X = Z + w with var(w) > 0. Suppose the error w is a classical measurement error so that cov(w, Z) = cov(w, v) = 0. What can you conclude about the limit of the OLS estimator, namely ß₂2 = cov(X, Y)/var(X)? 0 B² = 0 B 5 OB > 0 U

You are given the following demand for European luxury automobiles: Q= 1,000P-0.93 Pa0.75 Pj1.2 I1.6 Where P = Price of European luxury cars; Pa = Price of American luxury cars; Pj = Price of Japanese luxury cars; and I = Annual income of car buyers. Assume that each of the coefficients is statistically significant (i.e., that they passed the t-test). On the basis of the information given, address the following: What is the degree of substitutability between European and American luxury cars and between European and Japanese luxury cars. What is the coefficient for the income variable. What is he coefficient of the European car price variable.  Be sure to include your work for all calculations.

One of the primary causes of poverty in many developing nations is thought to be cattle mortality and disease. An optional system of livestock disease insurance, according to anti-poverty proponents, would increase the animals' general security and well-being. Assess the claim that cattle that has illness insurance will, on average, be healthier using economic principles.

Exercise 3.13 —*** Challenging Question ✶✶✶. Two women, Anna and Bess, claim to be the legal owners of a diamond ring that - each claims - has great sentimental value. Neither of them can produce evidence of ownership and nobody else is staking a claim on the ring. Judge Sabio wants the ring to go to the legal owner, but he does not know which of the two women is in fact the legal owner. He decides to proceed as follows. First he announces a fine of $F > 0 and then asks Anna and Bess to play the following game. Move 1: Anna moves first. Either she gives up her claim to the ring (in which case Bess gets the ring, the game ends and nobody pays the fine) or she asserts her claim, in which case the game proceeds to Move 2. Move 2: Bess either accepts Anna's claim (in which case Anna gets the ring, the game ends and nobody pays the fine) or challenges her claim. In the latter case, Bess must put in a bid, call it B, and Anna must pay the fine of $F to Sabio. The game goes on to Move 3. Move…

With Panel Data, if we assume that the individual effects vi are not correlated with the regressors Xit (i.e. E(vi|Xit) = 0), which one of the following statements is correct:     The Fixed Effects estimator is not consistent.     Both the OLS and the Random Effects estimators are not consistent.     The OLS estimator is not consistent, but the Random Effects estimator is consistent.     The OLS and the Random Effects estimator are consistent.     All of the above.     None of the above

What does the term “variance analysis mean when applied of financial performance of health care organizations?

← The worldwide market share for a web browser was 20.2% in a recent month. Suppose that a sample of 120 random students at a certain university finds that 30 use the browser. Complete parts (a) through (d) below. a. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence that the market share for the web browser at the university is greater than the worldwide market share of 20.2%? Determine the null and alternative hypotheses. OA. Ho: x=0.202; H₁: *#0.202 B. Haizz0.202; H:a 0.202 Calculate the test statistic. ZSTAT (Type an integer or a decimal. Round to two decimal places as needed.) =

We are studying the factors that contribute to unemployment at an individual level. UE, unemployment, is our dependent variable and it is a binary variable that takes the value 1 if an individual is unemployed and 0 if they are employed. We have a random sample and we estimate the following model: UE^= 0.508−0.051educ−0.023urban+0.005age(0.122)  (0.012)          (0.005)            (0.002)n=6214,  R2=0.474 where educ = an individual’s years of education urban = a dummy equal to 1 if the individual lives in an urban area and 0 otherwise age = an individual’s age in years What is the correct interpretation of the estimated coefficient on education?

A study was done in 1998 by Dr. Benjamin Levine to explore the role of altitude training in athletic performance. First, he trained athletes at low altitude, then measured their finish times in a 5 kilometer run. Then the athletes were placed into one of the following groups: I, living and training at high altitude; Il, living at high altitude and training at low; or Ill, living and training at low altitude. The athletes were then retested in another low-altitude 5 K race. In this study, what are the control and experimental data? What are the dependent and independent variables? The results are expressed as average change in speed of each group. I: -3.4 sec., Il: +13.4 sec., Ill: -26.7 sec. a. Graph and interpret the results. b. Did the results surprise you? Why or why not? c. Explain why the three groups obtained the results presented? d.How did altitude affect blood composition and why? e.How would athletes' performance be affected if they live, train, and compete at different…

Consider the following single variate model (1) fare Bo + B₁dist + u =

Scenario B: The nonprofit recently engaged in a campaign to encourage elementary school children to read more. A previous study found that children in your community read in their free time for 48 minutes per day on average. You would like to find out whether the time spent reading among elementary school students increased after the campaign.

You may need to use the appropriate appendix table or technology to answer this question. Consider the following hypothesis test. Hoi uz 10 H, u< 10 The sample size is 120 and the population standard deviation is 9. Use a 0.05. If the actual population mean is 7, the probability of a type Il error is 0.2912. Suppose the researcher wants to reduce the probability of a type II error to 0.10 when the actual population mean is 10. What sample size is recommended? (Round your answer up to the nearest integer.)

When estimating the equation: i Acrimerate =B+B Aunemployment + Au, i 0 The estimate of B, is only causal if there is no correlation between Acrimerate; 1 True False and Au; i

Gender is one of the best predictors of health services use. True or False Healthcare demand is consistnely nonelastic due to the fact that is relates to biological factors. True or False A population based approach depends on accurate and timely population estimates and projections as well as accurate and timely utilization rates. True or False The most effective way to develop a consumer profile is to gather psychographic data without controlling for geographic data. True or False

Allegiant Airlines is considering an overbooking policy for one of its flights. The airplane has 50 seats, but Allegiant is considering accepting more reservations than seats because sometimes passengers do not show up for their flights, resulting in empty seats. The PassengerAppearance worksheet in the file Overbooking contains data on 1,000 passengers showing whether or not they showed up for their respective flights. In addition, Allegiant has conducted a field experiment to gauge the demand for reservations for the current flight. During this experiment, they did not limit the number of reservations for the flight to observe the uncensored demand. The following table summarizes the result of the field experiment. No. of Reservations Demanded Probability 48 0.05 49 0.05 50 0.15 51 0.30 52 0.25 53 0.10 54 0.10 Suppose Allegiant receives a marginal profit of $108 for each passenger who books a reservation (regardless of whether they show up). In addition, suppose…

Provide an analysis of the evidence emerging from tables 1 and 2.

State if the following is True or false and provide a brief explanation for your answer. Consider Population model Y = Bo + B1X1+ B2X2+ B3X3 + µ. Now consider the following statements a to c. Assumption MLR 1– 4 is satisfied if and only if: a. X,has no effect on Y after X, & X, have been controlled for which means B, = 0 b. X3 may or maynot be correlated with X, & X2 . All that matters is that X, & X2 are controlled for X,has no effect on Y. c. Given that B3 = 0 we are inclined to estimate the equation to include X3.

Even if heteroscedaticity is suspected and detected, it is not easy to correct the problem. This statement is  Select one: True  Depends on test statistics  Sometimes true False   if the residuals from a regression estimated using a small sample of data are not normally distributed, which one of the following consequences may arise? Select one: The coefficient estimate will be biased inconsistent The coefficient estimate will be biased consistent Test statistics concerning the parameter will not follow their assumed distributions The coefficient estimate will be unbiased inconsistent   males vs female  young vs adult  married vs unmarried urban resident vs suburban good credit score vs poor credit score The coefficient of determination, r squared  shows     Select one: Proportion on the variation in the dependent variable error term is explained by the independent variable X Proportion of the variation in the dependent variable X is explained by the error term Proportion of the…

Which of the following should not be included in the group (criteria for evidence)? Transparency Reasonableness Reliability Usefulness None of the above