Calculating the Value of Chi-Square Once you've defined the null hypothesis (and know what you're testing!), you can finally calculate the chi-square value based on your observed data and the expected distribution. There are many statistical software packages and free web-based applications that will automate the calculation for you, but it's important to understand the calculation to understand the meaning of the calculated value. Here, we'll walk through it using a calculation table. This is Mendel's historic data for the F2 generation of monohybrid cross for flower color. Recall that he expected to see in the F2 generation a ratio of 3 purple : 1 white. Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio. (0-E)²/E Outcomes Observed (0) Expected (E) O-E Purple White Totals 705 224 929 (0-E)² X² = The first step is to calculate the expected (E) values for purple and white. Recall that E(purple) = P(purple) x n = 3/4 x 929 696.75. Similarly, E(white) = P(white) x n = 1/4 x 929 = 232.25. Do these expected values bother you? Is there such a think as 0.75 or 0.25 of an individual plant? No, but remember that expected values are theoretical. It's better in this analysis not to round off to whole values because doing so will introduce a high degree of error. Record the expected values in the table, and note that they should add up to n (or approximately n if you do round off at all). Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio.
Calculating the Value of Chi-Square Once you've defined the null hypothesis (and know what you're testing!), you can finally calculate the chi-square value based on your observed data and the expected distribution. There are many statistical software packages and free web-based applications that will automate the calculation for you, but it's important to understand the calculation to understand the meaning of the calculated value. Here, we'll walk through it using a calculation table. This is Mendel's historic data for the F2 generation of monohybrid cross for flower color. Recall that he expected to see in the F2 generation a ratio of 3 purple : 1 white. Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio. (0-E)²/E Outcomes Observed (0) Expected (E) O-E Purple White Totals 705 224 929 (0-E)² X² = The first step is to calculate the expected (E) values for purple and white. Recall that E(purple) = P(purple) x n = 3/4 x 929 696.75. Similarly, E(white) = P(white) x n = 1/4 x 929 = 232.25. Do these expected values bother you? Is there such a think as 0.75 or 0.25 of an individual plant? No, but remember that expected values are theoretical. It's better in this analysis not to round off to whole values because doing so will introduce a high degree of error. Record the expected values in the table, and note that they should add up to n (or approximately n if you do round off at all). Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio.
Biomedical Instrumentation Systems
1st Edition
ISBN:9781133478294
Author:Chatterjee
Publisher:Chatterjee
Chapter13: Artifacts And Noise In Medical Instrumentation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 7P
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Calculating the Value of Chi-Square
Once you've defined the null hypothesis (and know what you're testing!), you can finally calculate the chi-square value based on your
observed data and the expected distribution.
There are many statistical software packages and free web-based applications that will automate the calculation for you, but it's important to
understand the calculation to understand the meaning of the calculated value. Here, we'll walk through it using a calculation table.
This is Mendel's historic data for the F2 generation of monohybrid cross for flower color. Recall that he expected to see in the F2 generation
a ratio of 3 purple : 1 white.
Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio.
Outcomes Observed (0) Expected (E) O-E
(0-E)2
(O-E)²/E
Purple
White
Totals
705
224
929
X²=
The first step is to calculate the expected (E) values for purple and white. Recall that E(purple) = P(purple) x n = 3/4 x 929 = 696.75.
Similarly, E(white) = P(white) x n = 1/4 x 929 = 232.25. Do these expected values bother you? Is there such a think as 0.75 or 0.25 of an
individual plant? No, but remember that expected values are theoretical. It's better in this analysis not to round off to whole values because
doing so will introduce a high degree of error. Record the expected values in the table, and note that they should add up to n (or
approximately n if you do round off at all).
Chi-square calculation for data from a monohybrid cross with an expected 3 purple : 1 white ratio.
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