14. a. What is the role of insulators? b. What would happen if there were no boundary elements for genes in between the promoter and activator? 15. What are the 2 major types of nucleosome modifiers? a. Describe each of them. b. Give an example of each of them.

14. a. What is the role of insulators? b. What would happen if there were no boundary elements for genes in between the promoter and activator? 15. What are the 2 major types of nucleosome modifiers? a. Describe each of them. b. Give an example of each of them.

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter16: Regulation Of Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6TYK

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pls try to answer both

14.
a. What is the role of insulators?
b. What would happen if there were no boundary
elements for genes in between the promoter and
activator?
15. What are the 2 major types of nucleosome modifiers?
a. Describe each of them.
b. Give an example of each of them.

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1. Transcription: a)State the role of RNA polymerase in gene transcription.b. Explain why the DNA is not used directly for protein translation (i.e., why is mRNA used instead?).c. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter region is open for RNA polymerase binding.d. Explain what occurs when a gene’s promoter regions is blocked from binding RNA polymerase.e. Explain how two cells, such as liver cells and skin cells, can become specialized in structure and function despite containing the same genome.
1. The following image shows a mechanism in which gene expression activity is regulated by ligand. Arg RS-2 Teu Met RBS Ligand RBS hidden a. What is this kind of regulatory machnism called? b. Does it involve transcription or translation? c. What happens in the presence of the ligand? d. What happens in the absence of theligand? e. What do you think the genes that are regulated here - metabolic (breakdown) or anabolic (buildup) for the ligand? Explain
1. In a couple of sentences, explain how eukaryotic activator proteins (that are usually gene-specific transcription factors) can enhance transcription even when bound to sequences hundreds or thousands of nucleotide pairs away from a gene’s promoter. 2. Describe three common characteristics of transcription factors. The characteristics may relate to structure, or mechanism of action (PLEASE ANSWER BOTH PLEASE)
1. State true or false, giving a brief justification: a. An enhancer is a type of regulatory element. b. A core promoter is a type of regulatory element. c. Regulatory transcription factors bind to regulatory elements. d. Typically, an enhancer may cause the downregulation of transcription.
3. Animation 11.3: Refer to the table. Step Description RNA polymerase and other transcription factors bind to TFIID to form the initiation complex. The initiation complex initiates transcription. TFIID binds to TATA box at the promoter site. D. A regulator protein binds to the regulator region and to the initiation complex. In which order do these steps occur just before expression of a gene in a eukaryotic cell? O A D-B C OC- A- D → B O C- D– A – B O D B→C A dreamsite estime deamstiee
3a. Select all the correct types of RNA that are both the product of transcription and are also translated in the cytoplasm. ☐ snRNAs ☐ pre-tRNAs ☐ rRNA ☐ tRNA ☐ miRNA ☐ mRNA 3b. The ribozyme found in the ribosome catalyzes ... (which of the following?) a. the synthesis of pre-mRNA as part of the transcription process. b. the formation of the peptide bond. c. the association between the large and small ribosomal subunits. d. a reaction that uses RNA as a substrate.
1. The following regulatory mechanisms occur before eukaryotic transcription EXCEPT a. the formation of the transcription factor complex. b. the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors. c. the regulation of nuclear localization of transcription factors. d. the alteration of the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor.
1. Describe which enzymes are required for lactose and tryptophan metabolism in bacteria when lactose and tryptophan, respectively, are (a) present and (b) absent. 2. Contrast positive versus negative regulation of gene expression. Describe the role of the repressor in an inducible system and in a repressible system.
6. By incubating cells with an inhibitor of TFIIH helicase activity. Which step in the transcript would be affected and why? 7. A cell has a mutation that inactivates TAF1 at temperatures greater than 37oC. What will happen in that cell at temperatures greater than 37 oC in class II promoters without TATA box? Why?
5. The following questions are about cis-regulatory elements (CRES). a. Describe the role of regulatory elements in eukaryotic gene expression b. What type of CREs are there? c. How do transcription factors 'know' where CREs are?
25. Which of the following describes the role of acetylation during the chromatin remodeling that accorpanies gene expression? A. It adds an acetyl group to the DNA of a promater sequence. B. it adds an acetyl group to the histone protecting the promoter region of a gene. C. it adds an acetyl group to the cytosine nucleotides of DNA. D. It adds an acetyl group to the histone protecting the transcription unit of a gene.
26. Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by: a. the allosteric transition. b. the substrate binding to the repressor. c. the corepressor (product) binding to the operator. d. the corepressor-repressor (product-repressor) complex binding to the operator. e. the end-product binding to the promoter.