PHI Quizzes

PHI Quizzes 2A 1-If you believe that organic foods are better for you, but in fact organic foods are not better for you, then which of the following is true? ● You don’t know that organic foods are better for you, since they aren’t. 2-"Yeah, I know Bob, we have a class together." The sense of "know" in this sentence is... ● knowledge by acquaintance 3-According to the video and the textbook, even if you have a justified true belief that something is the case, you might not know that it is the case. ● True 4-"I know how to ride a bike". The sense of "know" in this sentence is called... ● procedural knowledge 5-In epistemology, "justification" has to do with . . . ● the reasons someone believes what they do 6-If you believe that you will get the job you applied for, and it is true that you will in fact get the job you applied for, does that mean you know that you will get the job you applied for? ● No, because you might not have any justification for your belief. 7-What you claim to know that p , what it is it that you are claiming to know? (That is, what does p stand for?) ● a proposition 8-A stopped watch is right twice a day. Suppose your watch is stopped. Suppose you look at the watch, assuming it is not stopped, and the watch says that it is 3pm. On this basis, you believe it is 3pm. In fact, it is 3pm. Looking at a watch is usually good evidence for the truth of a belief. This is an example of . . . ● a justified true belief that is not knowledge

9-In Section 2.1 of the textbook, Part B, it discusses the concept of justification. It says, "In order for a belief to be knowledge, it's traditionally held that a person must have ________ ________ ___ _____ ___ ___ _______." ● sufficient evidence in favor of that belief 10-Margot has a lot of evidence that the earth is round, because in fact the earth is round and it is hard to go through life in our age without getting information through perception or testimony of the roundness of the earth. Margot has more evidence that the earth is round than most other things she would claim to know. But Margot believes the earth is flat. She believes this because she reads a blog claiming that the earth is flat, written as a parody by college comedy troupe, and mistakes it for something real. Why doesn't Margot know that the earth is round? ● she doesn't believe it 11-Bob is playing poker with Larry. Bob makes a guess that his hand is better than Larry's hand, and he bets everything. Bob gets lucky, and he wins. Why can't Bob claim that he "knew" he had a better hand than Larry? ● his belief wasn't justified 12-What does it mean for a belief to be “justified”? ● The belief is held for good reasons, which are themselves justified. 13-"I know that Columbus sailed the ocean in 1492". The sense of "know" in this sentence is . . . ● propositional knowledge 14-Which of the following would be evidence that the notion of fairness is not a priori? ● if different societies had entirely incompatible concepts of fairness 15-Which of the following could a rationalist claim we know a priori ? ● if someone were to lose a finger, then they would lose a body part 16-Many college students say that humans invented or created mathematics. If this were so, which of the following would be evidence that mathematics is not a priori? ● If different groups of people invented incompatible systems of mathematics ● This a guess

17-Beliefs are justified by . . . ● Reasons 18-Even if you don't know something, you might still believe it. Four of the following are good reasons why you might believe something you don't know. One is NOT a good reason to believe something you don't know. Which one is NOT a good reason to believe something you don't know? ● you're just too lazy to think about it right now 19-Although some ancient philosophers and mathematicians were able to deduce that the earth was round, and in fact Eratosthenes of Cyrene calculated the circumference of the earth, the average person in the ancient world believed the earth was flat. This is because the average person in the ancient world had a lot of evidence that the earth was flat, and little evidence that the earth was round. Nobody could criticize a person in that era for believing the earth was flat. Which of the following is true? ● people back then did not know that the earth was flat, because it wasn't 2B 1-The alternative option to foundationalism given in the textbook is called "coherentism", which is the view that our chain of reasoning is ultimately . . . ● circular 2-What makes someone a rationalist is that they believe that... ● we know some things that could be justified without sensory experience 3-What is a priori knowledge? ● knowledge which is justified, but not justified by sensory experience. 4-In Plato’s Meno , Socrates argues that the boy has a priori knowledge, because: ● Even though he was never taught geometry, he was able to correctly answer geometry problems simply by thinking through them. 5-A _______________ holds that every belief must be justified by some more certain belief, which in turn must be justified by an even more certain belief, so there must be some absolutely certain beliefs which justify all of the others.

● foundationalist 6-"Instead of being justified by perception, memory, or testimony, a priori knowledge is justified by a kind of pure reasoning or "rational insight". We know certain things a priori simply by ________ _____ ________ _______ about the world, and this knowledge is justified in a way that it would be very hard for any empirical evidence to convince us that it is false." ● reflecting and reasoning logically 7-(1) If I have knowledge, then every belief must be justified by some reason more certain than it. (2) ________________________ (C) If I have knowledge, then every belief must be justified by some belief which is more certain, which is justified by some belief which is yet more certain, and which is justified by some . . . ● every reason is a belief 8-In the textbook, why is it suggested that your everyday experience or perception is probably not your reason (justification) for believing that 2+2=4? ● in everyday experience, 2 of something and 2 of something doesn't always make 4 of something 9-According to section 2.1 of the textbook, at the end of Part C, discussing the concept of the a priori , "while most contemporary philosophers whould reject Plato's story of the soul's pre-exisxtence in the realm of the forms, many would still accept that we have some a priori justified knowledge of some things such as ________________________________, since this knowledge can't be empirical." ● mathematics, metaphysics, and morality 10-Which of the following are considered empirical evidence that a proposition p is true? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. ● remembering that p is true ● testimony from someone else that p is true ● perceiving that p is true 11-a priori knowledge is said to be justified by a kind of . . . ● pure reasoning or rational insight 12-Which of the following would be evidence that the notion of fairness is not a priori? ● if different societies had entirely incompatible concepts of fairness

13-Which of the following could a rationalist claim we know a priori ? ● if someone were to lose a finger, then they would lose a body part 14-Many college students say that humans invented or created mathematics. If this were so, which of the following would be evidence that mathematics is not a priori? - if different groups of people invented incompatible systems of mathematics 2c- 1-What is the one thing that Descartes can’t doubt? ● That he is doubting. 2-"(3) I couldn't get the idea of infinite perfection at the highest degree of reality from anything that wasnt ______ ______ ___ ___ ________ ________ ___ ________." -infinite perfection at the highest degree of reality 3-In Section 2.1 of the reading, Part I, Descartes's foundationalism as presented in the Fourth and Sixth Meditations is described. In his view, one must have the more basic beliefs in order to justify the less basic beliefs. Order the following beliefs from more basic or foundational to less basic or foundational, according to Descartes. ● I’m thinking ● I exist ● I have concepts ● the natures of things ● the concept of infinite perfection ● God necessarily exists ● God is all powerful, all knowing, and all good ● God would not allow me to be deceived by no fault of my own ● I can trust my senses ● There is a real world outside of my mind ● Science 4-Descartes questions whether the external world we think is ‘real’ truly is real, because . . . ● he wants to reveal the foundations our knowledge of the external world depends upon. 5-In Section 2.1 of the textbook, Part H, Descartes's argument from the Fifth of his Meditations is presented. Why, according to this argument, is it not possible for an infinitely perfect being to not exist? ● Because then the being wouldn't be infinitely perfect, but that is a contradiction